Publications
ARTICLES IN TECHNICAL JOURNALS WITH RIGOROUS REVIEW PROCEDURES
Schnell, T., Aktan, F., Miller, C., “Color Performance of Yellow Pavement Markings at Night in the Field”, Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board No. 1973, 2006, Washington DC
Aktan, F., Schnell, T., Aktan, M., “Development of Model to Calculate Roadway Luminance Induced by Fixed Roadway Lighting”, Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board No. 1973, 2006, Washington DC
Aktan, F., Schnell, T., “Performance Evaluation of Pavement Markings under Dry, Wet, and Rainy Conditions in the Field”, Transportation Research Record No: 1877, Transportation Research Board, National Academy of Sciences, Washington, DC, 2004
Schnell, T., Aktan, F., Li, C., “Traffic Sign Luminance Requirements Of Nighttime Drivers For Symbolic Signs”, Transportation Research Record No: 1862, Transportation Research Board, National Academy of Sciences, Washington, DC, 2004
Schnell, T., Kwon, J., Merchant, S., Etherington, T., Vogl, T., “Improved Flight Technical Performance in Flight Decks Equipped with Synthetic Vision Information System Displays”, International Journal of Aviation Psychology, 14(1), 2004
Schnell, T., Lee, Y-C, Etherington, T., “Synthetic Vision Information Systems, NASA Flight Tests at Eagle County Regional Airport”, Submitted for review to the International Journal of Aviation Psychology, August 2003
Schnell, T., Aktan, F., Lee, Y-C., "Driver Looking Behavior in School Zones with Fluorescent Yellow Green and Normal Yellow Signs", In review, Journal of Safety Research, April, 2003.
Schnell, T., Aktan, F., Ohme, P. J., and Yang, S., "Various Strategies to Increase Pavement Marking Visibility for Older Drivers", in review, Journal of Safety Research, April, 2003.
Aktan, F., Schnell, T., "Performance Evaluation of Pavement Markings under Dry, Wet, and Rainy Conditions in the Field", Paper Presented at the 83rd Annual TRB Meeting, January 2004, Washington, D.C., 2004, In Print for Transportation Research Record
Schnell, T., Aktan, F., Lee, Y., “Nighttime Visibility and Retroreflectance of Pavement Markings under Dry, Wet, and Rainy Conditions”, Transportation Research Record 1824, Transportation Research Board, National Academy of Sciences, Washington, DC, 2003
Zwahlen, H.T., Russ, A., Schnell, T., “Driver Eye Scanning Behavior while Viewing Ground-Mounted Diagrammatic Guide Signs before Entrance Ramps at Night”, In Press, Transportation Research Record 1843, Transportation Research Board, National Academy of Sciences, Washington, DC, 2003
Zwahlen, H.T., Russ, A., Roth J., Schnell, T., “Evaluation of the Effectiveness of Ground-Mounted Diagrammatic Advance Guide Signs For Freeway Entrance Ramps”, In Press, Transportation Research Record 1843, Transportation Research Board, National Academy of Sciences, Washington, DC, 2003
Schnell T., Mohror, J., Aktan, F., “Evaluation of Traffic Flow Analysis Tools Applied to Work Zones Based on Flow Data Collected in the Field”, Transportation Research Record 1811, Transportation Research Board, National Academy of Sciences, Washington, DC, 2002
Zwahlen, H.T., Schnell, T., Donahue T., Hodson, N., Johnson, N., “Influence of Pavement Marking Angular Systems on Visibility Predictions Using Computer Models”, Transportation Research Record 1754, Transportation Research Board, National Academy of Sciences, Washington, DC, 2001
Schnell, T., Bentley, K., Hayes, E., Rick, M., “Legibility Distances of Fluorescent Traffic Signs and Their Normal Color Counterparts”, Transportation Research Record 1754, Transportation Research Board, National Academy of Sciences, Washington, DC, 2001
Schnell, T., Aktan, F., McGehee, D.V., Dvorak, M., Hunt, J., Reyes, A., Sorak, D., “Pedestrian Visibility under Automobile Lowbeam Headlight Illumination, with and without Headlight Covers”, Transportation Research Record 1773, Transportation Research Board, National Academy of Sciences, Washington, DC, 2001
Schnell, T., Zwahlen, H.T., “Computer Based Modeling to Determine the Visibility and Retroreflectivity of Pavement Markings", 79th Annual Meeting of the Transportation Research Board, Transportation Research Board, National Academy of Sciences, Washington, DC, Transportation Research Record 1708, 2000
Zwahlen, H.T., Schnell, T., "Minimum In-Service Retroreflectivity of Pavement Markings", 79th Annual Meeting of the Transportation Research Board, Transportation Research Board, National Academy of Sciences, Washington, DC, Transportation Research Record 1715, 2000
Allen, R.W., Francher, P.S., Levison, W.H.., Machey, J., Mourant, R.R., Schnell, T., Srinivasan, R., “Simulation and Measurement of Driver and Vehicle Performance”, Transportation in the new Millennium, Research Board, National Academy of Sciences, Washington, DC., 2000
Schnell, T., Zwahlen, H.T., “Driver Preview Distances at Night Based on Driver Eye Scanning Recordings as a Function of Pavement Marking Retroreflectivities”, Transportation Research Record 1692, Transportation Research Board, National Academy of Sciences, Washington, DC., 1999
Schnell, T., Zwahlen, H.T., “Reflective Properties of Selected Road Surfaces for Automobile Headlamp Geometry”, Preprint 991510, Transportation Research Record 1657, Transportation Research Board, National Academy of Sciences, Washington, DC., 1999
Zwahlen, H.T., Schnell, T., “Visual Target Detection Models for Civil Twilight and Night Driving Conditions”, Preprint 991545, Transportation Research Record 1692, Transportation Research Board, National Academy of Sciences, Washington, DC., 1999
Zwahlen, H.T., Schnell, T., “Evaluation of Two New Crossbuck Designs for Passive Highway Railroad Grade Crossings”, Preprint 991067, Transportation Research Record 1692, Transportation Research Board, National Academy of Sciences, Washington, DC., 1999
Zwahlen, H.T., Schnell, T., “Driver-Headlamp Dimensions, Driver Characteristics, and Vehicle and Environmental Factors in Retroreflective Target Visibility Calculations”, Transportation Research Record 1692, National Academy of Sciences, Washington, DC., 1999
Zwahlen, H.T., Schnell, T., Miescher, S., “Recognition Distances of Different Pavement Arrow Designs During Daytime and Nighttime", Preprint 980284, Transportation Research Record 1692, Transportation Research Board, National Academy of Sciences, Washington, DC., 1999
Zwahlen, H.T., Schnell, T., “Legibility of Traffic Sign Text and Symbols”, Transportation Research Record 1692, Transportation Research Board, National Academy of Sciences, Washington, DC., 1999
Zwahlen, H.T., Schnell, T., “The Visibility of Road Markings as a Function of Age and Retro-Reflectivity under Low-Beam and High-Beam Illumination at Night”, Preprint 980285, Transportation Research Record 1692, Transportation Research Record, National Academy of Sciences, Washington, DC., 1999
Zwahlen, H.T., Schnell, T., “Visual Detection and Recognition of Fluorescent Color Targets Versus Non-fluorescent Color Targets as a Function of Peripheral Viewing Angle and Target Size”, Transportation Research Record 1605, Transportation Research Board, National Academy of Sciences, Washington, DC., 1997
Zwahlen, H.T., Schnell, T., “Visibility of New Centerline and Edge Line Pavement Markings”, Preprint 971166, Transportation Research Record 1605, Transportation Research Board, National Academy of Sciences, Washington, DC., 1997
Zwahlen, H.T., Schnell, T., “Driver Eye Scanning Behavior at Night as a Function of Pavement Marking Configuration”, Preprint 971194, Transportation Research Record 1605, Transportation Research Board, National Academy of Sciences, Washington, DC., 1997
Zwahlen, H.T., Schnell, T., “Visibility of New Dashed Yellow and White Center Stripes as a Function of Material Retro-Reflectivity”, Preprint 961268, Transportation Research Record 1553, Transportation Research Board, National Academy of Sciences, Washington, DC, 1996, pp. 74-81.
Zwahlen, H.T., Hagiwara, T., Schnell, T., “Visibility of New Yellow Center Stripes as a Function of Obliteration”, Preprint 950933, Research Record 1495, Transportation Research Board, National Academy of Sciences, Washington, DC, 1995, pp. 77-86.
Zwahlen, H.T., Sunkara, M., Schnell, T., “A Review of Legibility Relationships within the Context of Textual Information Presentation”, Preprint 950888, Transportation Research Record 1485, Transportation Research Board, National Academy of Sciences, Washington, DC, 1995, pp. 61-70.
Zwahlen, H.T., Schnell, T., Hagiwara, T., “The Effects of Lateral Separation Between Double Center Stripe Pavement Markings on Visibility Under Nighttime Driving Conditions”, Preprint 950994, Transportation Research Record 1495, Transportation Research Board, National Academy of Sciences, Washington, DC, 1995.
Zwahlen, H.T., Schnell, T., “Loss of Visibility Distance Due to Automobile Windshields at Night”, Transportation Research Record 1495, Transportation Research Board, National Academy of Sciences, Washington, DC, 1995, pp. 128-139.
Zwahlen, H.T., Schnell, T., “Visibility of New Pavement Markings at Night Under Low Beam Illumination”, Preprint 940840, Transportation Research Record 1495, Transportation Research Board, National Academy of Sciences, Washington, DC, 1995
Zwahlen, H.T., Schnell, T., “A Knowledge Based, PC Software Package for the Application and Placement of Curve Delineation Devices”, Preprint 940789, Transportation Research Record 1495, Transportation Research Board, National Academy of Sciences, Washington, DC, 1995, pp. 107-116.
CONFERENCE/SYMPOSIUM/CONGRESS PROCEEDINGS, HANDBOOKS
Schnell, T., Macuda, T., Keller, M., Neural Avionics: Airborne Neural Recording Capabilities in Fixed and Rotary Wing Aircraft to Monitor Pilot State, Chapter submitted for Review in “Augmented Cognition; A Practitioner’s Guide”, Edited by Cdr. Dylan Schmorrow and Kay Stanney, 2006
Schnell, T., Macuda, T., Poolman, P., “Toward the Cognitive Cockpit: Flight Test Platforms and Methods for Monitoring Pilot Mental State.”, Best Topic Paper, Augmented Cognition International Conference, San Francisco, CA, October, 2006
Schnell, T., Aktan, F., Miller, C., “Color Performance of Yellow Pavement Markings at Night in the Field”, In Proceedings of the 85th Annual Meeting of the Transportation Research Board, January, 2006, Washington DC
Schnell, T., Aktan, F., Aktan, M., “Development of Model to Calculate Roadway Luminance Induced by Fixed Roadway Lighting”, In Proceedings of the 85th Annual Meeting of the Transportation Research Board, January, 2006, Washington DC
Schnell, T., Theunissen, E., Rademaker, R., "Human Factors Test & Evaluation of an Integrated Synthetic Vision and Sensor-Based Flight Display System for Commercial and Military Applications”, in Proceedings of the NATO/RTO HFM-125 WORKSHOP, May 6, 2005, Williamsburg, Virginia
Schnell, T., Ellis, K., Etherington, T., "Flight Simulator Evaluation of an Integrated Synthetic and Enhanced Vision System for Terrain Avoidance”, In Proceedings of the 24th Digital Avionics Systems Conference, Hyatt Crystal City, October 30 – November 3, 2005, Washington, DC
Schnell, T., Aktan, F., “Sheeting Selection Tool: New Way to Select Materials to Optimize Sign Performance”, In Proceedings of the 84th Annual Meeting of the Transportation Research Board, January 9-13, 2005, Washington DC
Keller, B., Lapis, M.B., Schnell, T., “Weather Radar and Datalinked Nexrad; Evaluation of an Integrated Display Format”, Presented at the 23rd Digital Avionics Systems Conference, Hilton Salt Lake City, October 24-28, 2004
Schnell, T., Etherington, T., Keller, M., "Synthetic and Enhanced Vision Systems for Commercial and Military Applications”, In proceedings of the 23rd Digital Avionics Systems Conference, Hilton Salt Lake City, October 24-28, 2004
Schnell, T., Lemos, K., Etherington, T., "Terrain Sampling Density and Texture Requirements for Terrain Following Flight Using Synthetic Vision Systems; Lessons Learned on Experimental Paradigms”, In Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society 48th Annual Meeting, September 20-24, 2004, New Orleans, Louisiana USA
Lemos, K., Schnell, T., “Synthetic Vision Systems: Human Performance Assessment of the Influence of Terrain Density and Texture”, In Proceedings of 22nd Digital Avionics Systems Conference, Dawn of the 2nd Century / Racing to Transform the Legacy, The Crowne Plaza, Indianapolis, Indiana, 12-16 October 2003
Yang, S., Schnell, T., Lemos, K., “Spatial Image Content Bandwidth Requirements for Synthetic Vision Displays”, In Proceedings of 22nd Digital Avionics Systems Conference, Dawn of the 2nd Century / Racing to Transform the Legacy, The Crowne Plaza, Indianapolis, Indiana, 12-16 October 2003
Keller, M., Schnell, T., Lemos, K., Glaab, L., Parrish, R., “Pilot Performance as a Function of Display Resolution and Field of View in Simulated Flight Using Synthetic Vision Systems”, In Proceedings of 22nd Digital Avionics Systems Conference, Dawn of the 2nd Century / Racing to Transform the Legacy, The Crowne Plaza, Indianapolis, Indiana, 12-16 October 2003
French, G., Schnell, T., “Terrain Awareness & Pathway Guidance for Head-Up Displays (Tapguide); A Simulator Study of Pilot Performance”, In Proceedings of 22nd Digital Avionics Systems Conference, Dawn of the 2nd Century / Racing to Transform the Legacy, The Crowne Plaza, Indianapolis, Indiana, 12-16 October 2003
Schnell, T., Etherington, T., Vogl, T., Postnikov, A., “Field Evaluation of a Synthetic Vision Information System Onboard the NASA Aries 757 at Eagle County Regional Airport”, In Proceedings of 21st Digital Avionics Systems Conference, Air Traffic Management for Commercial and Military Systems, Hyatt Regency, Irvine, California, 27-31 October 2002
Lemos, K., Schnell, T., Etherington, T., Gordon, D. “'Bye-Bye Steam Gages, Welcome Glass'; A Review of New Display Technology for General Aviation Aircraft”, In Proceedings of 21st Digital Avionics Systems Conference, Air Traffic Management for Commercial and Military Systems, Hyatt Regency, Irvine, California, 27-31 October 2002
Aktan, F., Schnell, T., Li, C., “A Theoretical Approach for the Derivation of Legibility Threshold Luminance Contrast Data for Road Sign Applications”, in Proceedings of the 16th Biennial Symposium on Visibility and Simulation, June 2-4, 2002, Iowa City, Iowa
Aktan, F., Schnell, T., “A Web-Based Legibility Threshold and Road Sign Luminance Contrast Calculator for Nighttime Driving Conditions”, in Proceedings of the 16th Biennial Symposium on Visibility and Simulation, June 2-4, 2002, Iowa City, Iowa
Schnell, T., Etherington, T., “Simulation and Field Testing of a Synthetic Vision Information System for Commercial Flight Decks”, in Proceedings of the 16th Biennial Symposium on Visibility and Simulation, June 2-4, 2002, Iowa City, Iowa
Schnell, T., Ohme, P., “Evaluation of Various Strategies to Increase Pavement Marking Visibility for Older Drivers”, In Proceedings of the 81st Annual Meeting of the Transportation Research Board, National Academy of Sciences, Washington, DC, 2002
Merchant, S., Kwon, Y., Schnell, T., Etherington, T., Vogl, T., “Evaluation of Synthetic Vision Information System (SVIS) Displays Based on Pilot Performance”, In Proceedings of the 20th Digital Avionics Systems Conference, October 14-18, Daytona Beach, 2001
Schnell, T., Ohme, P., Gulyuva, K.F., Donaubauer, C., Wiese, E., Derby, E., Noelting D., “Driver Looking Behavior in School Zones with Fluorescent Yellow Green and Normal Yellow Signs”, In Proceedings of the 80th Annual Meeting of the Transportation Research Board, National Academy of Sciences, Washington, DC, 2001
Aktan, F., Schnell, T., “The Development of a Nighttime Driver Visibility Model for Ultra-Violet Activated Pavement Markings”, In Proceedings of the 2001 Progress in Automotive Lighting (PAL), Darmstadt, Germany, 2001
Ohme, P., Schnell, T., “Is Wider Better? Enhancing Pavement Marking Visibility for Older Drivers”, In Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society 45th Annual Meeting, Minneapolis, MN, October, 2001
Aktan, F., Schnell, T., “TARVIP, A PC Based Visibility Model for Normal and UV-Activated Pavement Markings”, In Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society 45th Annual Meeting, Minneapolis, MN, October, 2001
Merchant, S., Schnell, T., Kwon Y., "Assessing Pilot Performance In Flightdecks Equipped With Synthetic Vision Information System", in Proceedings of the 11th International Symposium on Aviation Psychology, March 2001.
Zwahlen, H.T., Schnell, T., "Detection of Negative Luminance Contrast Targets During Day and at Night Under Lowbeam Illumination”, Paper presented at the 2000 Visibility Symposium, Transportation Research Board, in Review, Washington, DC, 2000
Schnell, T., “On the Effectiveness of Fluorescent Yellow Green School Zone Signs”, Paper presented and published in Proceedings of the International Conference on Traffic and Transport Psychology, September 4-7, 2000, Bern, Switzerland
Merchant, S., Schnell, T., “Applying Eye Tracking as Alternative Approach for Activation of Controls and Functions in Aircraft”, In Proceedings of the 19th Digital Avionics Systems Conference, Entering the Second Century of Powered Flight, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, 7-13 October 2000
Schnell, T., Wu, T., “Applying Eye Tracking as Alternative Approach for Activation of Controls and Functions in Aircraft”, in Proceedings of the HICS 2000, Fifth Annual Symposium on Human Interaction with Complex Systems, University of Illinois, Urbana Champaign, April 30 – May 2, 2000
Schnell, T., Zwahlen, H.T., “Legibility Threshold Contrast of Uppercase Text Seen Against a Dark Background”, in Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society 43rd Annual Meeting, September 27 – October 1, Houston, TX, 1999, pp. 1338-42
Schnell, T., Zwahlen, H.T., “Visibility of Rectangular Targets as a Function of Length and Width”, in Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society 43rd Annual Meeting, September 27 – October 1, Houston, TX, 1999, pp. 1367-71,
Zwahlen, H.T., Schnell, T., "Nighttime Photometric Measurements of Different Crossbuck Reflectorization Designs under Automobile Illumination at Night", Proceedings of the Canadian Society for Civil Engineering, 1998 Annual Conference,2nd Transportation Specialty Conference, Operation and Safety, 4c, 1998 , pp. 149-163.
Zwahlen, H.T., Schnell, T., "Driver Risk Taking Behavior at Passive Railroad Highway Grade Crossings as a Function of Different Crossbuck Designs", Proceedings of the Canadian Society for Civil Engineering, 1998 Annual Conference,2nd Transportation Specialty Conference, Operation and Safety, 4c, 1998 , pp. 133-147.
Zwahlen, H.T., Schnell, T., "Advances in Passive Railroad-Highway Grade Crossing Protection: The Photometric Performance of the Buckeye Crossbuck", Proceedings of the Fifth International Symposium on Railroad-Highway Grade Crossing Research and Safety, University of Tennessee Transportation Center and Southeastern Transportation Center, 1998.
Wentz, C., Schnell, T., "Human Factors Considerations of Aircraft Displays", Proceedings of the Advances in Aviation Safety Conference, SAE Aerospace, Society of Automotive Engineers, SAE Aerospace, 1, 1998.
Schnell, T., Zwahlen, H.T., "Accident Trends at Railroad-Highway Grade Crossings in Ohio", Proceedings of the Fifth International Symposium on Railroad-Highway Grade Crossing Research and Safety", University of Tennessee Transportation Center and Southeastern Transportation Center, 1998.
Schnell, T., Zwahlen, H.T., "Driver Risk Taking Behavior Measurements at Passive Railroad-Highway Grade Crossings Equipped with New Crossbuck Designs", Proceedings of the Fifth International Symposium on Railroad-Highway Grade Crossing Research and Safety, University of Tennessee Transportation Center and Southeastern Transportation Center, In print, 1998.
Zwahlen, H.T., Schnell, T., "Field Evaluation of Crossbuck Designs for Passive Railroad Crossings using Violations and Near Collisions Recorded with a Train Borne Video Recording System", Proceedings of the Fourth International Symposium on Railroad Highway Grade Crossing Research and Safety, University of Tennessee Transportation Center and Southeastern Transportation Center, Vol. 1, 1997, pp. 297-319.
Zwahlen, H.T., Schnell, T., "Target Visibility During Civil Twilight", Proceedings of the Symposium on Vision at Low Light Levels, Photopic, Mesopic, and Scotopic Vision, EPRI Lighting Research Office, Vol. 1, 1997 , pp. 171-196.
Zwahlen, H.T., Schnell, T., "Superior Traffic Sign, Pedestrian, Bicycle and Construction Worker Conspicuity through the Use of Retro-Reflective Fluorescent Color Materials", Proceedings of the 13th Triennial Congress of the International Ergonomics Association, International Ergonomics Association, Vol. 6, 1997.
Zwahlen, H.T., Schnell, T., "Visibility of Pavement Markings at Night", Proceedings of the 13th Triennial Congress of the International Ergonomics Association, Vol. 6, 1997, pp. 445-447.
Zwahlen, H.T., Schnell, T., "Superior Traffic Sign, Pedestrian, Bicycle and Construction Worker Conspicuity through the Use of Retro-Reflective Fluorescent Color Materials", Proceedings of the Triennial Congress of the International Ergonomics Association, 1997.
Zwahlen, H.T., Schnell, T., "Visibility of Yellow Center Line Pavement Markings as a Function of Line Configuration and Line Width", Proceedings of the 40th Annual Meeting of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society, Human Factors and Ergonomics Society, Vol. 2, 1996, pp. 919-922.
Zwahlen, H.T., Pracharktam, T., Schnell, T., "A Method to Assign Weights of Importance to Design Requirements in Human-Machine Systems Design", Proceedings of the 40th Annual Meeting of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society, Human Factors and Ergonomics Society, Vol. 2, 1996, pp. 1046-1050.
Schnell, T., Zwahlen, H. T., "Predicting the Visibility of Pavement Markings with CARVE (Computer-Aided Road-Marking Visibility Evaluator)", Proceedings of the Ohio Transportation Engineering Conference, The Ohio State University, 1996.
Zwahlen, H.T., Schnell, T., "Evaluation of Pavement Marking Systems for Resurfacing Zones", Proceedings of the Ohio Transportation Engineering Conference, The Ohio State University, 1996.
Zwahlen, H.T., Schnell, T., "Curve Warning Systems and the Delineation of Curves with Curve Delineation Devices", Proceedings of the International Conference on Strategic Highway Research Program and Traffic Safety on Two Continents, Conference Road Safety in Europe and Strategic Highway Research Program (SHRP), Vol. 1, 1996, pp. 8-22.
Zwahlen, H.T., Schnell, T., "Evaluation of the Buckeye Crossbuck", Proceedings of the Ohio Transportation Engineering Conference, The Ohio State University, 1996.
Zwahlen, H.T., Schnell, T., "Conspicuity Advantage of Fluorescent Color Targets in the Field", Proceedings of the 40th Annual Meeting of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society, Human Factors and Ergonomics Society, Vol. 2, 1996 , pp. 915-918.
Zwahlen, H.T., Schnell, T., "Modeling the Visibility of Pavement Markings at Night Using the Contrast Based Computer Model CARVE", Proceedings of the International Road Federation Asia-Pacific Regional Meeting, International Road Federation IRF, Vol. 2, 1996, pp. 221-230.
Zwahlen, H.T., Schnell, T., Fenk, J., "A Combined Age-Background Luminance Contrast Multiplication Function to Adjust the Human Contrast Threshold More Accurately in Visibility and Legibility Evaluations", Proceedings of the PAL-Progress in Automobile Lighting-Symposium, Darmstadt Technical University, Vol. 1, 1995 , pp. 240-247.
Zwahlen, H.T., Schnell, T., Fenk, J., "Presenting Automobile Rear Lighting and Braking Intensity Display Arrangements Using a Specially Developed PC Animation Software Package", Proceedings of the PAL-Progress in Automobile Lighting-Symposium, Darmstadt Technical University, Vol. 1, 1995 , pp. 248-253.
Zwahlen, H.T., Schnell, T., "Driver Eye Scanning Behavior when Reading Symbolic Warning Signs", Proceedings of the Sixth International Conference on Vision in Vehicles, University of Derby, Vol. 1, 1995.
Zwahlen, H.T., Schnell, T., "Visibility through Tinted Automobile Windshields at Night", Proceedings of the 12th Triennial Congress of the International Ergonomics Association, International Ergonomics Association, Vol. 1, 1994 , pp. 267-270.
Zwahlen, H.T., Schnell, T., Pascal, D., "A Quantitative Evaluation of Pushbutton Arrangements in New Automobiles", Proceedings of the 12th Triennial Congress of the International Ergonomics Association, International Ergonomics Associatio, Vol. 1, 1994 , pp. 185-188.
Schnell, T., “Wissensbasiertes System fuer Serielle Kommuniktion (Knowledge based System for Serial Communication)”, Infobit, Ingenieurschule Bern, HTL, Vol. 3, 1992, pp. 12-17.
TECHNICAL REPORTS
1. Etherington T., Schnell T., Keller M., “Spatial Orientation Enhancement System (SOES)”, Final report for SOES Contract FA8650-04-2-6411, Prepared for Rockwell Collins, 400 Collins Rd. NE, Cedar Rapids, IA 52498, 2006
ST.Schnell, T., Etherington T., “SE-Vision Final Report, Commercial Pilot Simulator Study”, Final report for SE-Vision Contract F33615-03-2-6317, Prepared for Rockwell Collins, 400 Collins Rd. NE, Cedar Rapids, IA 52498, 2005
S, Schnell, T.,Etherington T., “SE-Vision Final Report, Flight Test of Military Formats”, Final report for SE-Vision Contract F33615-03-2-6317, Prepared for Rockwell Collins, 400 Collins Rd. NE, Cedar Rapids, IA 52498, 2005
Schnell T., Etherington T., “Spatial Orientation Enhancement System (SOES)”, Final Report for SOES Contract FA8650-04-2-6411, In review, Prepared for Rockwell Collins, 400 Collins Rd. NE, Cedar Rapids, IA 52498, 2006
Schnell, T., Lemos, K., Keller, M., Yang, S., "Synthetic Vision Systems, Optimum Display Characteristics“, Final Report, NASA Langley Research Center, Aviation Safety Program, Hampton, VA, 2003
Schnell T., Aktan F., Lee Yi-Ching, “Wet Weather Visibility of Pavement Markings”, Final Report, FHWA Number Assignment Pending, Federal Highway Administration, Turner-Fairbank Highway Research Center, McLean, VA, 2003
Schnell, T., Lemos K., “Terrain Sampling Density and Texture Requirements for Synthetic Vision Systems”, Final Report, Submitted to Rockwell Collins Advanced Technology Center, 400 Collins Rd. NE, Cedar Rapids, IA 52498, 2003
Schnell, T., Aktan, F., Ohme, P., Hogsett, J., “Enhancing Pavement Marking Visibility for Older Drivers”, Final Report submitted to the Iowa Department of Transportation, 800 Lincoln Way, Ames, Iowa 50010, 2003
Rockwell Collins SVIS Team, “Synthetic Vision Information System Report of Test at Eagle County Regional Airport”, NASA SVS Phase II final Report, January 31, 2002, Rockwell Collins, Cedar Rapids, Iowa
Zwahlen, H.T., Schnell, T., “Evaluation of Ground Mounted Diagrammatic Entrance Ramp Approach Signs”, FHWA/OH-2000/018, Final Technical Report, Ohio Department of Transportation
Schnell, T., Aktan, F., Mohror, J., “Evaluation of Traffic Flow Analysis Tools Applied to Work Zones Based on Flow Data Collected in the Field”, Final Report FHWA/HWA-2001/08, Ohio Department of Transportation
Schnell, T., Merchant, S., Kwon, Y., “Assessing Pilot Performance in Flight Decks Equipped with Synthetic Vision Information Systems”, Rockwell Collins Advanced Technology Center Final Report, Cedar Rapids, Iowa, 2001
Schnell, T., "Legibility Optimization of Uppercase Alphanumeric Text for Displaying Messages in Traffic Applications", 1998, Ph.D. Dissertation, Department of Industrial and Manufacturing Systems Engineering, Ohio University, Athens, Ohio 45701-2979, 471 pages.
Zwahlen, H.T., Schnell, T., "Evaluation of Temporary Pavement Marking Systems for Resurfacing Zones", July 1996, Final Report FHWA/OH-96/015, Prepared for Ohio Department of Transportation in Cooperation with US DOT, Columbus, Ohio.
Schnell, T., "The Development of a PC Based Pavement Marking Visibility Evaluation Model", 1994, Master Thesis, Department of Industrial Engineering, Ohio University, Athens, Ohio 45701-2979, 189 pages.
Schnell, T., "Expertensystem fuer Serielle Kommunikation (Expert System for Serial Communication)", 1992, Diploma Project, Department of Electrical Engineering, Institute of Technology of the State of Bern, Bern, Switzerland, 225 pages.
